HTML Codificación (conjuntos de caracteres)
Para mostrar una página HTML correctamente, un navegador web debe saber qué juego de caracteres utilizar.
De ASCII a UTF-8
ASCII fue el primer estándar de codificación de caracteres. ASCII definió 128 caracteres diferentes que podrían usarse en Internet: números (0-9), letras inglesas (A-Z) y algunos caracteres especiales como! $ + - ( ) @ < >.
ISO-8859-1 era el juego de caracteres predeterminado para HTML 4. Este juego de caracteres admitía 256 códigos de caracteres diferentes. HTML 4 también admitía UTF-8.
ANSI (Windows-1252) era el juego de caracteres original de Windows. ANSI es idéntico a ISO-8859-1, excepto que ANSI tiene 32 caracteres adicionales.
La especificación HTML5 anima a los desarrolladores web a utilizar el conjunto de caracteres UTF-8, que cubre casi todos los caracteres y símbolos del mundo.
El atributo del juego de caracteres HTML
Para mostrar una página HTML correctamente, un navegador web debe conocer el juego de caracteres utilizado en la página.
Esto se especifica en la etiqueta <meta>:
<meta charset="UTF-8">
Diferencias entre conjuntos de caracteres
La siguiente tabla muestra las diferencias entre los juegos de caracteres descritos anteriormente:
| Numb | ASCII | ANSI | 8859 | UTF-8 | Descripción |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 | space | ||||
| 33 | ! | ! | ! | ! | exclamation mark |
| 34 | " | " | " | " | quotation mark |
| 35 | # | # | # | # | number sign |
| 36 | $ | $ | $ | $ | dollar sign |
| 37 | % | % | % | % | percent sign |
| 38 | & | & | & | & | ampersand |
| 39 | ' | ' | ' | ' | apostrophe |
| 40 | ( | ( | ( | ( | left parenthesis |
| 41 | ) | ) | ) | ) | right parenthesis |
| 42 | * | * | * | * | asterisk |
| 43 | + | + | + | + | plus sign |
| 44 | , | , | , | , | comma |
| 45 | - | - | - | - | hyphen-minus |
| 46 | . | . | . | . | full stop |
| 47 | / | / | / | / | solidus |
| 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | digit zero |
| 49 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | digit one |
| 50 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | digit two |
| 51 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | digit three |
| 52 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | digit four |
| 53 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | digit five |
| 54 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | digit six |
| 55 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | digit seven |
| 56 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | digit eight |
| 57 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | digit nine |
| 58 | : | : | : | : | colon |
| 59 | ; | ; | ; | ; | semicolon |
| 60 | < | < | < | < | less-than sign |
| 61 | = | = | = | = | equals sign |
| 62 | > | > | > | > | greater-than sign |
| 63 | ? | ? | ? | ? | question mark |
| 64 | @ | @ | @ | @ | commercial at |
| 65 | A | A | A | A | Latin capital letter A |
| 66 | B | B | B | B | Latin capital letter B |
| 67 | C | C | C | C | Latin capital letter C |
| 68 | D | D | D | D | Latin capital letter D |
| 69 | E | E | E | E | Latin capital letter E |
| 70 | F | F | F | F | Latin capital letter F |
| 71 | G | G | G | G | Latin capital letter G |
| 72 | H | H | H | H | Latin capital letter H |
| 73 | I | I | I | I | Latin capital letter I |
| 74 | J | J | J | J | Latin capital letter J |
| 75 | K | K | K | K | Latin capital letter K |
| 76 | L | L | L | L | Latin capital letter L |
| 77 | M | M | M | M | Latin capital letter M |
| 78 | N | N | N | N | Latin capital letter N |
| 79 | O | O | O | O | Latin capital letter O |
| 80 | P | P | P | P | Latin capital letter P |
| 81 | Q | Q | Q | Q | Latin capital letter Q |
| 82 | R | R | R | R | Latin capital letter R |
| 83 | S | S | S | S | Latin capital letter S |
| 84 | T | T | T | T | Latin capital letter T |
| 85 | U | U | U | U | Latin capital letter U |
| 86 | V | V | V | V | Latin capital letter V |
| 87 | W | W | W | W | Latin capital letter W |
| 88 | X | X | X | X | Latin capital letter X |
| 89 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Latin capital letter Y |
| 90 | Z | Z | Z | Z | Latin capital letter Z |
| 91 | [ | [ | [ | [ | left square bracket |
| 92 | \ | \ | \ | \ | reverse solidus |
| 93 | ] | ] | ] | ] | right square bracket |
| 94 | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | circumflex accent |
| 95 | _ | _ | _ | _ | low line |
| 96 | ` | ` | ` | ` | grave accent |
| 97 | a | a | a | a | Latin small letter a |
| 98 | b | b | b | b | Latin small letter b |
| 99 | c | c | c | c | Latin small letter c |
| 100 | d | d | d | d | Latin small letter d |
| 101 | e | e | e | e | Latin small letter e |
| 102 | f | f | f | f | Latin small letter f |
| 103 | g | g | g | g | Latin small letter g |
| 104 | h | h | h | h | Latin small letter h |
| 105 | i | i | i | i | Latin small letter i |
| 106 | j | j | j | j | Latin small letter j |
| 107 | k | k | k | k | Latin small letter k |
| 108 | l | l | l | l | Latin small letter l |
| 109 | m | m | m | m | Latin small letter m |
| 110 | n | n | n | n | Latin small letter n |
| 111 | o | o | o | o | Latin small letter o |
| 112 | p | p | p | p | Latin small letter p |
| 113 | q | q | q | q | Latin small letter q |
| 114 | r | r | r | r | Latin small letter r |
| 115 | s | s | s | s | Latin small letter s |
| 116 | t | t | t | t | Latin small letter t |
| 117 | u | u | u | u | Latin small letter u |
| 118 | v | v | v | v | Latin small letter v |
| 119 | w | w | w | w | Latin small letter w |
| 120 | x | x | x | x | Latin small letter x |
| 121 | y | y | y | y | Latin small letter y |
| 122 | z | z | z | z | Latin small letter z |
| 123 | { | { | { | { | left curly bracket |
| 124 | | | | | | | | | vertical line |
| 125 | } | } | } | } | right curly bracket |
| 126 | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | tilde |
| 127 | DEL | ||||
| 128 | € | euro sign | |||
| 129 | | | | NOT USED | |
| 130 | ‚ | single low-9 quotation mark | |||
| 131 | ƒ | Latin small letter f with hook | |||
| 132 | „ | double low-9 quotation mark | |||
| 133 | … | horizontal ellipsis | |||
| 134 | † | dagger | |||
| 135 | ‡ | double dagger | |||
| 136 | ˆ | modifier letter circumflex accent | |||
| 137 | ‰ | per mille sign | |||
| 138 | Š | Latin capital letter S with caron | |||
| 139 | ‹ | single left-pointing angle quotation mark | |||
| 140 | Π| Latin capital ligature OE | |||
| 141 | | | | NOT USED | |
| 142 | Ž | Latin capital letter Z with caron | |||
| 143 | | | | NOT USED | |
| 144 | | | | NOT USED | |
| 145 | ‘ | left single quotation mark | |||
| 146 | ’ | right single quotation mark | |||
| 147 | “ | left double quotation mark | |||
| 148 | ” | right double quotation mark | |||
| 149 | • | bullet | |||
| 150 | – | en dash | |||
| 151 | — | em dash | |||
| 152 | ˜ | small tilde | |||
| 153 | ™ | trademark sign | |||
| 154 | š | Latin small letter s with caron | |||
| 155 | › | single right-pointing angle quotation mark | |||
| 156 | œ | Latin small ligature oe | |||
| 157 | | | | NOT USED | |
| 158 | ž | Latin small letter z with caron | |||
| 159 | Ÿ | Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis | |||
| 160 | no-break space | ||||
| 161 | ¡ | ¡ | ¡ | inverted exclamation mark | |
| 162 | ¢ | ¢ | ¢ | cent sign | |
| 163 | £ | £ | £ | pound sign | |
| 164 | ¤ | ¤ | ¤ | currency sign | |
| 165 | ¥ | ¥ | ¥ | yen sign | |
| 166 | ¦ | ¦ | ¦ | broken bar | |
| 167 | § | § | § | section sign | |
| 168 | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | diaeresis | |
| 169 | © | © | © | copyright sign | |
| 170 | ª | ª | ª | feminine ordinal indicator | |
| 171 | « | « | « | left-pointing double angle quotation mark | |
| 172 | ¬ | ¬ | ¬ | not sign | |
| 173 | | | | soft hyphen | |
| 174 | ® | ® | ® | registered sign | |
| 175 | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | macron | |
| 176 | ° | ° | ° | degree sign | |
| 177 | ± | ± | ± | plus-minus sign | |
| 178 | ² | ² | ² | superscript two | |
| 179 | ³ | ³ | ³ | superscript three | |
| 180 | ´ | ´ | ´ | acute accent | |
| 181 | µ | µ | µ | micro sign | |
| 182 | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | pilcrow sign | |
| 183 | · | · | · | middle dot | |
| 184 | ¸ | ¸ | ¸ | cedilla | |
| 185 | ¹ | ¹ | ¹ | superscript one | |
| 186 | º | º | º | masculine ordinal indicator | |
| 187 | » | » | » | right-pointing double angle quotation mark | |
| 188 | ¼ | ¼ | ¼ | vulgar fraction one quarter | |
| 189 | ½ | ½ | ½ | vulgar fraction one half | |
| 190 | ¾ | ¾ | ¾ | vulgar fraction three quarters | |
| 191 | ¿ | ¿ | ¿ | inverted question mark | |
| 192 | À | À | À | Latin capital letter A with grave | |
| 193 | Á | Á | Á | Latin capital letter A with acute | |
| 194 | Â | Â | Â | Latin capital letter A with circumflex | |
| 195 | Ã | Ã | Ã | Latin capital letter A with tilde | |
| 196 | Ä | Ä | Ä | Latin capital letter A with diaeresis | |
| 197 | Å | Å | Å | Latin capital letter A with ring above | |
| 198 | Æ | Æ | Æ | Latin capital letter AE | |
| 199 | Ç | Ç | Ç | Latin capital letter C with cedilla | |
| 200 | È | È | È | Latin capital letter E with grave | |
| 201 | É | É | É | Latin capital letter E with acute | |
| 202 | Ê | Ê | Ê | Latin capital letter E with circumflex | |
| 203 | Ë | Ë | Ë | Latin capital letter E with diaeresis | |
| 204 | Ì | Ì | Ì | Latin capital letter I with grave | |
| 205 | Í | Í | Í | Latin capital letter I with acute | |
| 206 | Î | Î | Î | Latin capital letter I with circumflex | |
| 207 | Ï | Ï | Ï | Latin capital letter I with diaeresis | |
| 208 | Ð | Ð | Ð | Latin capital letter Eth | |
| 209 | Ñ | Ñ | Ñ | Latin capital letter N with tilde | |
| 210 | Ò | Ò | Ò | Latin capital letter O with grave | |
| 211 | Ó | Ó | Ó | Latin capital letter O with acute | |
| 212 | Ô | Ô | Ô | Latin capital letter O with circumflex | |
| 213 | Õ | Õ | Õ | Latin capital letter O with tilde | |
| 214 | Ö | Ö | Ö | Latin capital letter O with diaeresis | |
| 215 | × | × | × | multiplication sign | |
| 216 | Ø | Ø | Ø | Latin capital letter O with stroke | |
| 217 | Ù | Ù | Ù | Latin capital letter U with grave | |
| 218 | Ú | Ú | Ú | Latin capital letter U with acute | |
| 219 | Û | Û | Û | Latin capital letter U with circumflex | |
| 220 | Ü | Ü | Ü | Latin capital letter U with diaeresis | |
| 221 | Ý | Ý | Ý | Latin capital letter Y with acute | |
| 222 | Þ | Þ | Þ | Latin capital letter Thorn | |
| 223 | ß | ß | ß | Latin small letter sharp s | |
| 224 | à | à | à | Latin small letter a with grave | |
| 225 | á | á | á | Latin small letter a with acute | |
| 226 | â | â | â | Latin small letter a with circumflex | |
| 227 | ã | ã | ã | Latin small letter a with tilde | |
| 228 | ä | ä | ä | Latin small letter a with diaeresis | |
| 229 | å | å | å | Latin small letter a with ring above | |
| 230 | æ | æ | æ | Latin small letter ae | |
| 231 | ç | ç | ç | Latin small letter c with cedilla | |
| 232 | è | è | è | Latin small letter e with grave | |
| 233 | é | é | é | Latin small letter e with acute | |
| 234 | ê | ê | ê | Latin small letter e with circumflex | |
| 235 | ë | ë | ë | Latin small letter e with diaeresis | |
| 236 | ì | ì | ì | Latin small letter i with grave | |
| 237 | í | í | í | Latin small letter i with acute | |
| 238 | î | î | î | Latin small letter i with circumflex | |
| 239 | ï | ï | ï | Latin small letter i with diaeresis | |
| 240 | ð | ð | ð | Latin small letter eth | |
| 241 | ñ | ñ | ñ | Latin small letter n with tilde | |
| 242 | ò | ò | ò | Latin small letter o with grave | |
| 243 | ó | ó | ó | Latin small letter o with acute | |
| 244 | ô | ô | ô | Latin small letter o with circumflex | |
| 245 | õ | õ | õ | Latin small letter o with tilde | |
| 246 | ö | ö | ö | Latin small letter o with diaeresis | |
| 247 | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | division sign | |
| 248 | ø | ø | ø | Latin small letter o with stroke | |
| 249 | ù | ù | ù | Latin small letter u with grave | |
| 250 | ú | ú | ú | Latin small letter u with acute | |
| 251 | û | û | û | Latin small letter with circumflex | |
| 252 | ü | ü | ü | Latin small letter u with diaeresis | |
| 253 | ý | ý | ý | Latin small letter y with acute | |
| 254 | þ | þ | þ | Latin small letter thorn | |
| 255 | ÿ | ÿ | ÿ | Latin small letter y with diaeresis |
El conjunto de caracteres ASCII
ASCII utiliza los valores del 0 al 31 (y 127) para los caracteres de control.
ASCII utiliza los valores del 32 al 126 para letras, dígitos y símbolos.
ASCII no utiliza los valores de 128 a 255.
El juego de caracteres ANSI (Windows-1252)
ANSI es idéntico a ASCII para los valores de 0 a 127.
ANSI tiene un conjunto propietario de caracteres para los valores del 128 al 159.
ANSI es idéntico a UTF-8 para los valores de 160 a 255.
El conjunto de caracteres ISO-8859-1
ISO-8859-1 es idéntico a ASCII para los valores de 0 a 127.
ISO-8859-1 no utiliza los valores del 128 al 159.
ISO-8859-1 es idéntico a UTF-8 para los valores de 160 a 255.
El conjunto de caracteres UTF-8
UTF-8 es idéntico a ASCII para los valores de 0 a 127.
UTF-8 no utiliza los valores de 128 a 159.
UTF-8 es idéntico a ANSI y 8859-1 para los valores de 160 a 255.
UTF-8 continúa desde el valor 256 con más de 10.000 caracteres diferentes.
Para verlo más de cerca, estudie nuestra Referencia completa del juego de caracteres HTML.
